The agricultural sector, though a major employer in most African countries, is often characterized as risky and low-productivity business largely run by small-holder farmers. Recently, leading researchers, African policymakers and private sector partners gathered for Structural Transformation of African Agriculture and Rural Spaces (STAARS) conference in Addis Ababa to identify major challenges and discuss ways forward to do just that. During the high-level policy roundtable involving agricultural policymakers, researchers, and investors, the panelists largely agreed that market failures, limited technology adoption, and high risk of and vulnerability to climate change are some of the major constraints of productivity of small-holder agriculture in Africa.